Agronomy, MicroFarm, Plant Health, Research, Sensing, Soil

Onions – Plant and Crop Modelling

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Understanding Variation in Onions and Potential Causes

Bruce Searle, Adrian Hunt, Isabelle Sorensen, Nathan Arnold, Yong Tan, Jian Lui   Plant and Food Research

Onion growth, development, quality and yield can vary significantly within a field. This can be observed as inter-plant variability, where two plants side by side or within very close proximity vary significantly in size and maturity or quality from each other. Additionally, spatial variability in between different areas of the field has been observed. Put these two scales of variability together and there can be significant reduction in yield and profitability for growers.

It has been estimated that a modest increase of yield from 45-50t/ha associated with a 10% reduction in size variability can increase gross margins by $1700 per hectare. Add to this the fact that variability in the field results in variability in bulb maturity and therefore storage losses, minimising variability has a strong value proposition for growers.

To minimise variability we need to know how much variability is present, what causes it and when it occurs. We used soil EM maps to identify four zones across an onion field. Within each zone we recorded variability in growth and development of individual plants to better understand plant to plant variability and how this affects overall yield variability within a field.

We also monitored crop characteristics such as leaf area across a plot and light interception to understand how yield accumulated across the different zones. Soil moisture and temperature was logged at different depths for the duration of growth.

Agronomy, AgTech, Drainage, MicroFarm, Nutrients, Plant Health, Planting, Precision Agriculture, Projects, Research, Sensing, Soil, Water

Profit Mapping Variability in Onions

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Profit Bands Across A Paddock

 Justin Pishief

Justin Pishief and Dan Bloomer
Centre for Land and Water

 

As part of the Onions NZ project “Benchmarking Variability in Onion Crops” a process was developed to generate yield and profit maps. This presentation explains the process using the example of a 7.3 ha paddock in Hawke’s Bay.

Data from a satellite image captured in late November were used to identify high, medium and low biomass zones.  Paddock yield samples were taken from these zones at harvest and used to generate a paddock yield map. The average yield of the paddock was estimated at 95 t/ha, with a predicted total field harvest of 669 tonnes. This compares to the grower recorded harvest of 614 tonnes.

The relative yield data were combined with grower supplied costs and returns to determine gross margins across the paddock. Data were mapped in ArcGIS and a Gross Margin map with five “profit bands” produced. The highest band had a mean Gross Margin of $11,884/ha compared to the lowest at $3,225/ha.

The breakeven gross margin yield is estimated to be 62.5 t/ha at current costs and prices. The estimated cost to business of low performing areas is $27,945, assuming the whole paddock could achieve the top band mean yield.

The poorest performing areas were identified by the grower as impacted by a failed council drain and areas of slowed drainage in the main paddock areas. An OptiSurface® assessment using historic HBRC LiDAR elevation data analysed of the impact of ponding on the site and also suggested ponding was a significant issue.

An OptiSurface® landform assessment was conducted using both single plain and optimised surface designs and the soil movement required to allow effective surface drainage was determined.

The assessment showed ponding could be avoided by land shaping with 224 m3/ha soil movement and few areas requiring more than 100 mm cut or fill. The cost is estimated at $2,000/ha or approximately $14,000 total.

Agronomy, AgTech, MicroFarm, Plant Health, Planting, Precision Agriculture, Projects, Research, Sensing

Enhancing Value of New Zealand Onions

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Onions New Zealand Research project

 

Dr Jane Adams
Research and Innovation Manager, Onions New Zealand Inc.

The New Zealand onion industry expects to further develop high value export markets, particularly in Asia, which could see its exports double to $200million by 2025. To realise these export opportunities the industry needs to improve efficiency and consistency of production and reliably supply high quality onions.

Currently industry average yields for brown onions vary between 33 and 50t/ha depending on season, which are significantly below demonstrated potential average yields of 100t/ha. Competition for productive land mean growers must maximise both productivity and crop value, while also meeting requirements to sustainably use resources and minimise environment impacts.

To help the industry achieve these objectives Onions New Zealand developed a project ‘Enhancing the profitability and value of NZ onions’, in collaboration with LandWISE Inc and Plant and Food Research, to understand causes of low yields and variable quality of onion crops and to develop tools to help growers monitor and manage crops. The project received additional funding from Ministry of Primary Industries Sustainable Farming Fund and commenced in July 2015.

In the first season of the project a crop of cv Rhinestone onions was grown on the LandWISE MicroFarm to allow easy access for both LandWISE and Plant and Food Research scientists to assess crop development and test methods and tools for monitoring the crop and environment at regular intervals.

Four monitoring zones were established across the trial paddock for detailed measurement of plant growth and crop development. Several tools and techniques were tested for obtaining digital data of site and crop attributes. 

An important part of the project is the involvement of local growers in discussion of progress results and use of monitoring tools and advice on crop management.  

Agronomy, LandWISE People, MicroFarm, Plant Health, Projects, Research, Soil, Tillage

MicroFarm Cover Crops Incorporated

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oatsvsmustard

Many thanks to Nicolle Contracting and True Earth Organics for getting our winter cover crops incorporated today.

incorporatecovercrops

This winter saw a repeat of last year’s split planting of Caliente Mustard and Oats to compare effects on soil, disease and plant growth. Seed was provided by True Earth Organics.

To gain benefit from the fumigant properties of the Caliente, it must be soil incorporated as soon as possible. This is why we have the two tractors closely following, one mulching the crop, the other incorporating the residues.

Mulching mustard - reasonable biomass, but some insect damage reducing leaf mass
Mulching mustard – reasonable biomass, but some insect damage reducing leaf mass
mulchingoats
Mulching before incorporating oats

Onions are to be planted in this area for a third season in succession. Our onion crop will also include a new area that has never had onions planted before. As part of our collaboration with Onions New Zealand and Plant and Food Research, we will compare the performance of crops in the different areas.

AgTech, Automation, Precision Agriculture, Research

Sprout: Accelerating New Technologies

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AgTech Start-ups

Stu BradburyStu Bradbury, Tom Rivett and Julian McCurd

Sprout is a start-up accelerator programme delivered by The BCC, Building Clever Companies in Palmerston North. The programme is designed to inspire, inform and support the next generation of Ag Tech start-ups.

Every year Sprout selects eight Ag Tech start-ups. Over 20 weeks the start-ups and entrepreneurs receive funding, alongside world class mentoring and training from leaders in technology, research and business growth.

Companies receive unparalleled access to the New Zealand and global farming network to validate and grow their businesses. At the end of the programme start-ups will have an opportunity to pitch to a hand-picked group of investors, corporate partners and potential customers to support the continuation of the rapid progress achieved through the Sprout programme.

Dunedin entrepreneurs Andrew Humphries and Tom Rivett created AgriTrack to help large scale crop farmers with the multitude of logistical challenges during harvest time, particularly those associated with vehicle management. Their solution enables live tracking of vehicles and is already being used in more than 30 farms in Western Australia.

Mangere Bridge duo Julian McCurdy and Peter Bennett set up Beez Thingz using technology to develop a platform for hive management so a network of kept bees could be accessed by everyone in the industry.

Plant Health, Projects, Research

Understanding Biology and Biofertilisers

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Smart Biology – Trial on your own Farm

MerfieldCharles Merfield

Future Farming Centre

There has been a phenomenal growth of biostimulants and biological fertilisers. A wide range of claims are made for these products and it can be hard for farmers and growers to tell fact from fiction.  Unfortunately, there is no rule of thumb or other simple way to separate good from bogus products: the only way is to do experimental trials.

The good news is that you don’t need lots of expensive research equipment for such experiments – the best place to do them is on your crops, your pasture and your stock.  This is because in many cases, the effects of the products are highly climate, soil, plant and animal specific – what works on one farm may not work on others.

The answers you get will also have the highest level of applicability to your business.  This is also why you should be wary of experimental results that weren’t done on a production system similar to your own property – they may be meaningless to your property.

Conducting your own experiments is also not that difficult.  There are some key things to get right including: treatments; a null control; the right duration; make sure it’s randomised and replicated, and measure what matters.

While there is a bit to learn to get such experiments right, it is not rocket science, and when you do your own experiments you can also discover a lot more about your farming and growing systems which can help you run your business better plus it puts more power in your hands.

For more information, see the on-line FFC Bulletin article or download as a pdf.

Agronomy, AgTech, Nutrients, Plant Health, Precision Agriculture, Projects, Research

On-Farm Fertiliser Applicator Calibration

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Guidance for farmers – check performance of fertiliser spreading

DanBloomer200

Dan Bloomer
LandWISE

Fertiliser application calibration procedures suitable for farmers applying nutrients with their own equipment have been developed.  Guidelines and a web-based calculator (see www.fertspread.nz) support on-farm checks to ensure and demonstrate application equipment is performing to expectations.

Farmers and agronomists had noticed striping in crops, especially when spreading bout widths increased to match wide sprayer bouts. Visible striping is indicative of very significant non-uniform distribution and yield loss.

A calibration check includes assessment and correcting of both application rate (kg/ha) and uniformity (CV). Farmers indicate determining the rate is reasonably easy and commonly done. Very few report completing any form of uniformity assessment.

FertSpread calculates uniformity from data from a single pass and mathematically applies overlap using both to and fro and round and round driving patterns. Test spread-pattern checks performed to date show there is a need for wider testing by farmers. Unacceptable CVs and incorrect application rates are the norm.

Fertiliser applicator manufacturers provide guidelines to calibrate equipment and some newer machines automatically adjust to correct distribution pattern based on product properties and comparing a test catch with “factory” test data.

The efficiency of catch trays is called into question. While we believe the collection tray data is acceptable to assess evenness of application, the application rate should be determined by direct measurement of weight applied to determined area.  Weighing samples involves very small quantities so scales weighing to 0.01g are required. Satisfactory options are readily available at reasonable price.

An alternative approach uses small measuring cylinders or syringe bodies to compare applied volumes. While not able to assess alternative driving patterns, this can give a direct and very visual immediate view of performance.

The Sustainable Farming Fund “On-Farm Fertiliser Applicator Calibration” project arose from repeated requests by farmers for a quick and simple way to check performance of fertiliser spreading by themselves or contractors. It was co-funded by the Foundation for Arable Research and the Fertiliser Association.

Drainage, Irrigation, Nutrients, Water

Rootzone reality – measuring nutrient losses

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Drainage fluxmeters in commercial fields across the regions

P Johnstone, M Norris, S Green, G Clemens, C van den Dijssel, P Wright, G Clark & S Thomas
Plant & Food Research

Minimising nutrient losses from cropping systems makes good financial sense. It also minimises any adverse impacts on our waterways, which is increasingly important in many regions as new national water policy requirements are implemented.

A common theme in many regions is the requirement that growers should, as a minimum, be managing nutrients according to agreed good management practices. However, there is relatively little long-term measurement of how good management practices throughout New Zealand impact losses of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from cropping paddocks.

To help fill this gap a network of permanent drainage fluxmeters has been established in commercial fields in the Canterbury, Manawatu, Hawke’s Bay, Waikato and Auckland regions over the last 18 months. There are a total of 12 sites in the network, covering a broad range of cropping systems, soil types, climatic conditions and management practices.

At each site fluxmeters have been installed at a depth of 1 m.  Any water from rainfall or irrigation events that drains to 1 m is captured by the fluxmeters. It is then pumped to the surface and analysed for nutrient concentrations. Net losses can be estimated by combining these measured concentrations and measured drainage volumes.

Preliminary results from the network have highlighted a wide range in N and P losses in drainage water. Many of the losses have been comparatively low to date, evidence that economic and environmental risks can be successfully balanced through the integration of good management practices.

Where high losses have been observed this has resulted from large drainage losses and high nutrient concentrations in the drainage water.

Importantly, this is a long-term initiative and the value of the information from the network will increase over time as growers and regional authorities consider long-term trends.

Agronomy, AgTech, Irrigation, Precision Agriculture, Sensing, Soil

Farmers getting value from soil EM maps

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Chris SmithChris Smith
AgriOptics NZ Ltd

An electromagnetic (EM) soil conductivity Survey maps the variability in soils characteristics; these values are strongly influenced by many factors but mainly soil texture, soil moisture at the time of the survey as well as bulk density and salinity.

Combining this data with topography data collected at the time of the survey gives the farmer a powerful management tool for creating management zones for various aspects of his business, including amongst other things; managing water, zonal soil sampling, improving yield and pasture performance where soil characteristics are the limiting factors, managing inputs to targeted placement, highlighting and reducing the environmental impacts or risks.

AgriOptics has been conducting EM surveys since 2011, with various clients and in many differing scenarios and enterprises, covering over 20,000ha in that time.

This presentation explained what an EM survey is and what information the farmer receives from the service and how the different layers of data from that survey are being utilised by farmers in the South Island with both its direct and indirect uses, and how that translates into a dollar value to those clients.  Examples of both dairy and arable farmers each with not only common goals but their own specific issues and requirements were given.

Plant Health, Precision Agriculture

Increasing on-farm productivity and sustainability through Precision Agriculture

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John McPhee
Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Burnie

A project involving an industry representative group, the private sector, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture and collaborating growers aims to facilitate uptake of PA technologies, with a focus on the vegetable industry.  Through the use of six commercial farm case study sites spread across a range of soil types and cropping enterprises, the project aims to:

  • raise awareness and increase knowledge of PA to aid adoption
  • identify and raise awareness of on-farm variability of soils and crops
  • provide advice regarding variable crop management and application of inputs
  • share experiences and develop networks

Project activities in the first year have focused on:

  • accumulating pre-existing data layers (primarily EM38 and elevation derived layers) and mapping case study sites for soil pH
  • collecting NDVI imagery for use as a scouting tool to aid crop management
  • sample harvests to determine the variability of crop yield and quality in a range of crops
  • planning and holding a PA Expo, allowing service providers and technology dealers to promote their products to the agricultural community

A major limitation at this stage is the relative lack of access to yield monitoring equipment for most vegetable harvesters.

In the first season of field work, harvest samples have been collected from accurately surveyed points in crops at densities ranging from 1 – 5 per ha.  Data from these harvest samples show that the variation in crop yields ranged from 2.2 fold in the best case (poppies) to nine fold in the worst case (processing potatoes).  Data will be analysed to determine correlations between crop yield and quality and underlying characteristics derived from map layers (e.g. EM38).

All sample points are located with RTK accuracy to allow inter-season sampling from the same locations (either manually or with yield monitors as they become more available) to determine if yield responses are consistent between seasons and crops.

Promoting sustainable production